Medical Conditions Associated with Nocturia

Nocturia had traditionally been considered part of an array of symptoms of some other primary disorder [ 1 ] . In 2002, the standardization subcommittee of the International Continence Society (ICS) proposed the fi rst standardization of nocturia terminology and this report has marked a new era in the approach to the management of nocturia. Since then, nocturia has begun to be recognized as a clinical entity in its own right rather than a symptom of some other disorder, or classed as one of many lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) [ 2 ] . Although this proposal based on reasonable theoretical considerations has not been tested in any research and should not be taken as the result of scientifi c enquiry [ 3 ] , approximately 100 research studies have cited the report within 8 years after its publication. Thus, the report plays a fundamental role of conceptual framework for research on nocturia to understand the possible causative or contributing factors to the pathophysiology of this entity, as the current knowledge on nocturia needs improving in order to advance clinical care. There are good epidemiological data from worldwide, showing nocturia is a common condition that affects both men and women to an equal extent [ 4 ] . The bother experienced by patients with nocturia as well as the impact on quality of life, daytime functioning, and overall health can be severe. Therefore, it is important for the causes of nocturia to be diagnosed accurately so that effective treatment can be